Oil and natural gases, these unique usefulfossils, are the main sources of hydrocarbons. Crude oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons with other compounds. Oil refining provides products that are then used in all industries, energy, agriculture and everyday life.
Crude oil is divided into constituents by simple, fractional and vacuum distillation. The composition of the fractions obtained in this case depends on the composition of the raw crude oil.
Oil processing passes several stages: fractional distillation, reforming, cracking and purification from sulfur.
Fractional distillation is the very firststage of processing, which divides it into fractions: gas, light, medium and fuel oil. Thus, the primary processing of oil can immediately identify the most valuable fractions.
Further processing of oil is carried outcracking method. In this case, splitting of high-molecular compounds of crude oil into smaller, characteristic for low-boiling fractions occurs. This important method of processing allows obtaining an additional amount of low-boiling oil fractions, the requirements for which, especially in gasoline, are exceptionally high.
FROM18H38 -> C9H20 + C9H18
At temperatures up to 1000 ° C, thermal decomposition of high-molecular petroleum products takes place, resulting in the production of lightly alkenes and aromatic hydrocarbons.
Natural and associated gases are a mixture of methane (up to 90% by volume) and its closest homologues, as well as a small amount of impurities.
The main task of gas processing is the conversion of the limiting hydrocarbons contained in it into unsaturated hydrocarbons, which can later be used in chemical synthesis.
Thus, the processing of oil and gas allowsto obtain an extremely large assortment of various petroleum products, from which as a result of chemical synthesis a huge variety of substances is being produced, which are used in various sectors of the country's economy.