The vast majority of modern PCs are builtby a certain scheme, called the architecture of the computer - a system of hardware (physical) and software (mathematics and logic) tools that allow you to program and perform the necessary tasks of the user. Computer architecture is external, reflecting the composition and interaction of the entire peripheral system, and internal, which contains the system of functioning of the components of the computer itself.
The basis for designing and currently operating computersthe main-modular principle was laid. The practical essence of this principle is that it is the user who can create the computer architecture, thanks to the compatibility and unification of the computer components. The modular principle is supplemented with a backbone, or as it is also called - the bus principle of data exchange between modules and computer nodes. These two principles form one more principle of creating modern computers - the principle of open architecture. Physically, the principle of open architecture is realized by placing on the motherboard (system) board of various devices: processor, video and sound cards, memory devices (RAM and ROM). Also, the trunk-modular principle of building a PC, the theoretical foundations of which were formulated in the middle of the last century by J. Von Neumann, involves the following principles of software communication between computer components:
The trunk-modular principle under considerationcomputer construction allows you to create a virtually unique configuration of the device (of course, within the technical parameters of its constituent parts and their compatibility) and provide a trunk method of transferring information between these parts. Such an exchange is carried out by using three different-sized tires (multi-wire lines). At the same time, the width of the bus depends on the length of the processor. The data bus is designed to provide information transfer in two directions: from the processor to another device of the computer and from this device to the processor.
The address bus provides access to the processor to the memory location of the device and operates only in a unidirectional mode - from the processor to the device.
The control bus transmits signals andcommands that control the exchange of information and synchronize this exchange between different nodes of the computer. Physically considered trunk-modular principle of building a computer is realized thanks to the system bus, which with the help of available slots (connectors) connects together the computer devices. The standards of system buses changed with the development of technology. Now the most common type of system bus is the PCI bus. The system bus, together with the devices connected to it, forms the trunk, which in its name mentions the trunk-modular principle of building a computer.
Individual computer modules physicallyconnect to this trunk with the help of controllers and adapters, their functioning as a program is provided by installing drivers that create conditions for operating system access to the computer hardware system and back.
The standard set of modern computers includes:
As the trunk-modular principle of building a computer suggests, other peripheral modules and devices can be connected to a computer by installing additional adapters.
